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Archeological site. The earliest known settlement was identified at, near in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation.

Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents. By the first millennium, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people.

The earliest settlements in the Americas are of the from about 8000 BCE and 4600 BCE, a sedentary group from the coast of, the forefathers of the more known, of the same era. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the (or ' or 'Muysca') and the groups. These groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of, the and of and were the three indigenous groups that settled most permanently. The region was home to many and advanced civilizations, including the,,, and.

The of the Maya began about 250, with the last two great, the Aztecs and Incas, emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries, respectively. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, until its downfall in part by the Spanish invasion. European colonization [ ]. Leads soldiers with allies against during the. With the arrival of the Europeans following ' voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion.

Seized the Aztec elite's power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, and eliminated the Incan rule in Western South America. The European powers of Spain and Portugal colonized the region, which along with the rest of the uncolonized world, was divided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the in 1494, which gave Spain all areas to the west, and Portugal all areas to the east (the Portuguese lands in South America subsequently becoming Brazil). By the end of the sixteenth century Spain and Portugal had been joined by others, including France, in occupying large areas of North, Central and South America, ultimately extending from Alaska to the southern tips of the.

European culture, customs and government were introduced, with the Roman Catholic Church becoming the major economic and political power to overrule the traditional ways of the region, eventually becoming the only official religion of the Americas during this period. Epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as and, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population.

Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, but some put the figures as high as 85% and as low as 25%. Due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines. Between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the, people of mixed ancestry () formed majorities in several colonies. Slavery and forced labor in colonial Latin America [ ].

See also: and Indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines; along with African slaves who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries. The Mita of Colonial Latin America was a system of forced labor imposed on the natives. First established by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569–1581), the Mita was upheld by laws that designated how large draft levies were and how much money the workers would receive that was based on how many shifts each individual worker performed. Toledo established Mitas at Potosi and Huancavelica, where the Mitayos—the workers—would be reduced in number to a fraction of how many were originally assigned before the 1700s.

While several villages managed to resist the Mita, others offered payment to colonial administrators as a way out. In exchange, free labor became available through volunteers, though the Mita was kept in place as workers like miners for example were paid low wages.

The Spanish Crown had not made any ruling on the Mita or approved of it when Toledo first established it in spite of the uncertainty of the practice since the Crown could have gained benefits from it. However, the cortes of Spain later abolished it in 1812 once complaints of the Mita violating humanitarian rights were made. Yet complaints also came from: governors; landowners; native leaders known as Kurakas; and even priests, each of whom preferred other methods of economic exploitation.

Despite its fall, the Mita made it to the 1800s. Independence (1804–25) [ ]. The Liberator of, and. In 1804, Haiti became the first Latin American nation to gain independence, following a violent slave revolt led by on the French colony of.

The victors abolished slavery. Haitian independence inspired independence movements in Spanish America. By the end of the eighteenth century, Spanish and Portuguese power waned on the global scene as other European powers took their place, notably Britain and France. Resentment grew among the majority of the population in Latin America over the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government, as well as the dominance of native Spaniards (Iberian-born ) in the major social and political. 's invasion of Spain in 1808 marked a turning point, compelling elites to form that advocated independence. Also, the newly independent, the second oldest nation in the after the United States, further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of the movement, such as of Mexico, of Venezuela and of Argentina, and by providing them with considerable munitions and troops. Fighting soon broke out between juntas and the Spanish colonial authorities, with initial victories for the advocates of independence.

Eventually these early movements were crushed by the by 1810, including those of in in the year 1810. Later on in by 1812. Under the leadership of a new generation of leaders, such as 'The Liberator', of Argentina, and other in South America, the independence movement regained strength, and by 1825, all, except for Puerto Rico and Cuba, had gained independence from Spain. In the same year in, a military officer,, led a coalition of conservatives and liberals who created a, with Iturbide as. This was short-lived, and was followed by the creation of a in 1823.

Declaration of the by the later on September 7, 1822. During the, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil, establishing as the de facto capital of Portugal. This had the side effect of creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state; most importantly, it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will. After Napoleon's army was finally defeated in 1815, in order to maintain the capital in Brazil and allay Brazilian fears of being returned to colonial status, raised the status of Brazil to an equal, integral part of a, rather than a mere colony, a status which it enjoyed for the next seven years. Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased, and the, guided by the new political regime imposed by the 1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, on 7 September 1822. A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil, with the regnal title of Dom, resulting in the foundation of the.

The, which had already begun along this process, spread through northern, northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province. With the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March 1824, Portugal officially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825. On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of, as well as unreconciled with the way that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI, Pedro I went to Portugal to, abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the regnal title of Dom ).

Between 1831 and 1889. As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he became of age, a was set up by the National Assembly. In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, as the, the, the, the, and the, which emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar of a vast, slaveholding and newly independent. This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the in 1841. During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery.

The was abandoned in 1850, as a result of the ', but only in after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of, was the institution formally abolished. The foreign affairs in the monarchy were basically related issues with the countries of the with which Brazil has borders. Long after the that resulted in independence for, Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II.

These were the, the and the devastating, the largest in Brazilian history. On 15 November 1889, worn out by years of economic stagnation, in attrition with the majority of Army officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup. Conservative-liberal conflicts in the 19th Century [ ]. Surrenders to (1806). Losing the North American colonies at the end of the 18th century left Great Britain in need of new markets to supply resources in the early 19th century.

In order to solve this problem, Great Britain turned to the Spanish colonies in South America for resources and markets. In 1806 a small British force surprise attacked the capitol of the viceroyalty in. As a result, the local garrison protecting the capitol was destroyed in an attempt to defend against the British conquest. The British were able to capture numerous amounts of precious metals, before a French naval force intervened on behalf of the Spanish King and took down the invading force. However, this caused much turmoil in the area as militia took control of the area from the viceroy.

The next year the British attacked once again with a much larger force attempting to reach and conquer Montevideo. They failed to reach but succeeded in establishing an alliance with the locals. As a result, the British were able to take control of the Indian markets. This newly gained British dominance hindered the development of Latin American industries and strengthened the dependence on the world trade network. Britain now replaced Spain as the region's largest trading partner.

Great Britain invested significant capital in Latin America in order to develop the area as a market for processed goods. From the early 1820s to 1850, the post-independence economies of Latin American countries were lagging and stagnant. Eventually, enhanced trade among Britain and Latin America led to state development such as infrastructure improvements.

These improvements included roads and railroads which grew the trades between countries and outside nations such as Great Britain. By 1870, exports dramatically increased, attracting capital from abroad (including Europe and USA). French involvement in Latin America during the 19th century [ ]. American occupation of. The, another instance of U.S.

Involvement in Latin America, was a war between the United States and Mexico that started in April 1846 and lasted until February 1848. The main cause of the war was the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and a dispute afterwards about whether the border between Mexico and the United States ended where Mexico claimed, at the, or ended where the United States claimed, at the. Peace was negotiated between the United States and Mexico with the, which stated that Mexico was to cede land which would later become part of California and New Mexico as well as give up all claims to Texas, for which the United States would pay $15,000,000. However, tensions between the two countries were still high and over the next six years things only got worse with raids along the border and attacks by Native Americans against Mexican citizens. To defuse the situation, the United States agreed to purchase 29,670 squares miles of land from Mexico for $10,000,000 so a southern railroad could be built to connect the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.

This would become known as the. A critical component of U.S. Intervention in Latin American affairs took form in the, which drastically affected the futures of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Americas, as well as Guam and the Philippines, by dismantling some of the last remaining Spanish colonial possessions throughout the world. World wars (1914–45) [ ]. Brazilian soldiers greet Italian civilians in the city of, September 1944. Brazil was the only independent Latin American country to send ground troops to fight in WWII. Brazil continued to try to remain neutral to the United States and Germany because it was trying to make sure it could continue to be a place of interest for both opposing countries.

Brazil attended continental meetings in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1936); Lima, Peru (1938); and Havana, Cuba (1940) that obligated them to agree to defend any part of the Americas if they were to be attacked. Eventually Brazil decided to stop trading with Germany once Germany started attacking offshore trading ships resulting in Germany declaring a blockade against the Americas in the Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, Germany also ensured that they would be attacking the Americas soon. Once the German submarines attacked unarmed Brazilian trading ships, President Vargas met with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss how they could retaliate.

On January 22, 1942, Brazil officially ended all relations with Germany, Japan, and Italy, becoming a part of the Allies. The was sent to Naples, Italy to fight for democracy. Brazil was the only Latin American country to send troops to Europe. Initially, Brazil wanted to only provide resources and shelter for the war to have a chance of gaining a high postwar status but ended up sending 25,000 men to fight. After World War II, the United States and Latin America continued to have a close relationship. For example, USAID created family planning programs in Latin America combining the NGOs already in place, providing the women in largely Catholic areas access to contraception.

Involvement in World War II [ ] There was Nazi influence in certain parts of the region, but Jewish migration from Europe during the war continued. Only a few people recognized or knew about the Holocaust. Filemaker Pro 6 Trial Crack. Furthermore, numerous military bases were built during the war by the United States, but some also by the Germans. Even now, unexploded bombs from the second world war that need to be made safe still remain. Cold War (1946–90) [ ]. Burning forest in. The removal of forest to make way for was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian from the mid-1960s.

Have become one of the most important contributors to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The Great Depression caused Latin America to grow at a slow rate, separating it from leading industrial democracies. The two world wars and U.S. Depression also made Latin American countries favor internal economic development, leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitution industrialization.

Countries also renewed emphasis on exports. Brazil began selling automobiles to other countries, and some Latin American countries set up plants to assemble imported parts, letting other countries take advantage of Latin America's low labor costs. Colombia began to export flowers, emeralds and coffee grains and gold, becoming the world's second leading flower exporter. Economic integration was called for, to attain economies that could compete with the economies of the United States or Europe. Starting in the 1960s with the Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market, Latin American countries worked toward economic integration. In efforts to help regain global economic strength the U.S. Began to heavily assist countries involved in World War II at the expense of Latin America.

Markets that were previously unopposed as a result of the war in Latin America grew stagnant as the rest of the world no longer needed their goods. Reforms [ ] Large countries like Argentina called for reforms to lessen the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor, which has been a long problem in Latin America that stunted economic growth. Advances in public health caused an explosion of population growth, making it difficult to provide social services. Education expanded, and social security systems introduced, but benefits usually went to the middle class, not the poor. As a result, disparity of wealth increased. Increasing inflation and other factors caused countries to be unwilling to fund social development programs to help the poor.

Bureaucratic authoritarianism [ ] Bureaucratic authoritarianism was practiced in Brazil after 1964, in Argentina, and in Chile under Augusto Pinochet, in a response to harsh economic conditions. It rested on the conviction that no democracy could take the harsh measures to curb inflation, reassure investors, and quicken economic growth quickly and effectively. Though inflation fell sharply, industrial production dropped with the decline of official protection. US relations [ ]. See also: After and the beginning of a between the and the, US diplomats became interested in,, and Latin America, and frequently [ ] waged proxy wars against the Soviet Union in these countries.

The US sought to stop the spread of communism. Latin American countries generally sided with the US in the Cold War period, even though they were neglected since the US's concern with communism were focused in Europe and Asia, not Latin America. Between 1946 and 1959 Latin America received only 2% of the United States foreign aid despite having poor conditions similar to the main recipients of The. Some Latin American governments also complained of the US support in the overthrow of some nationalist governments, and intervention through the. In 1947, the US Congress passed the, which created the in response to the United States's growing obsession with anti-communism.

In 1954, when of Guatemala accepted the support of communists and attacked holdings of the, the US decided to assist Guatemalan counter-revolutionaries in overthrowing Arbenz. These interventionist tactics featured use of the CIA rather than the military, which was used in Latin America for the majority of the Cold War in events including the overthrow of. Latin America was more concerned with issues of economic development, while the United States focused on fighting communism, even though the presence of communism was small in Latin America. Cuban Revolution [ ] By 1959, Cuba was afflicted with a corrupt dictatorship under Batista, and ousted Batista that year and set up the first communist state in the hemisphere.

The United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, and combined with Castro's expropriation of private enterprises, this was detrimental to the Cuban economy. Around Latin America, rural guerrilla conflict and urban terrorism increased, inspired by the Cuban example. The United States put down these rebellions by supporting Latin American countries in their counter guerrilla operations through the Alliance for Progress launched by President John F. This thrust appeared to be successful.

A Marxist, Salvador Allende, became president of Chile in 1970, but was overthrown three years later in a military coup backed by the United States. Despite civil war, high crime and political instability, most Latin American countries eventually adopted bourgeois liberal democracies while Cuba maintained its socialist system. Bay of Pigs Invasion [ ]. Ships, such as this one pictured here at, are among the largest ships to pass through the. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the 'standard' reform package were promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the (IMF),, and the during the 1980s and 1990s. In recent years, several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments – including Argentina and Venezuela – have campaigned for (and to some degree adopted) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies.

(Other Latin countries with governments of the left, including Brazil, Chile and Peru, have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies.) Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists, such as and, who have challenged what are sometimes described as the 'fundamentalist' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a 'one size fits all' treatment of individual economies. The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market, constraints upon the state, and US influence on other countries' national sovereignty. This politico-economical initiative was institutionalized in North America by the 1994, and elsewhere in the Americas through a series of. The comprehensive project, however, was rejected by most at the 2005. Turn to the left [ ]. A view on globalization, titled Somos cultura que camina en un mundo globalizado ('We are a culture walking in a globalised world'). The mural is located in in the north of In 1982, Mexico announced that it could not meet its foreign debt payment obligations, inaugurating a that would 'discredit' Latin American economies throughout the decade.

This debt crisis would lead to reforms that would instigate many social movements in the region. A 'reversal of development' reigned over Latin America, seen through negative economic growth, declines in industrial production, and thus, falling living standards for the middle and lower classes. Governments made financial security their primary policy goal over social security, enacting new neoliberal economic policies that implemented privatization of previously national industries and of labor. In an effort to bring more investors to these industries, these governments also embraced through more open interactions with the international economy.

Significantly, as democracy spread across much of Latin America, the realm of government more inclusive (a trend that proved conductive to social movements), the economic ventures remained exclusive to a few elite groups within society. Neoliberal restructuring consistently redistributed income upward while denying political responsibility to provide social welfare rights, and though projects took place throughout the region, both inequality and poverty increased. Feeling excluded from these new projects, the lower classes took ownership of their own democracy through a revitalization of social movements in Latin America. Both urban and rural populations had serious grievances as a result of the above economic and global trends and have voiced them in mass demonstrations.

Some of the largest and most violent of these have been protests against cuts in urban services, such as the in Venezuela and the in Argentina. Children singing the Internationale, 20th Anniversary of MST. Rural movements have made diverse demands related to unequal land distribution, displacement at the hands of development projects and dams, environmental and indigenous concerns, neoliberal agricultural restructuring, and insufficient means of livelihood. These movements have benefited considerably from transnational support from conservationists and. The (MST) is perhaps the largest contemporary Latin American social movement. As indigenous populations are primarily rural, indigenous movements account for a large portion of rural social movements, including the in Mexico, the (), indigenous organizations in the Amazon region of Ecuador and Bolivia, pan-Mayan communities in Guatemala, and mobilization by the indigenous groups of peoples in the Amazon, peoples in Panama, and Altiplano and peoples in Bolivia.

Other significant types of social movements include labor struggles and strikes, such as in Argentina, as well as gender-based movements such as the in Argentina and protests against production, which is largely a women's issue because of how it draws on women for cheap labor. Modern era [ ] The caused positive effects for many Latin American economies. Another trend is the rapidly increasing importance of the. With the end of the commodity boom in the 2010s, economic stagnation or recession resulted in some countries.

As a result, the left-wing governments of the lost support. The worst hit was Venezuela, which is facing severe. The, a Brazilian conglomerate, has raised allegations of corruption across the region's governments (see ). The bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history.

As of July 2017, the highest ranking politicians charged were former Brazilian President (sentenced) and former Peruvian Presidents (arrested) and (fugitive, fled to the US). Demographics [ ]. See also: Largest cities [ ] The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America.

City Country Metropolitan population (2017) Gross Domestic Product (PPP, $Million) (, 2014) GDP per capita (, 2014) 1. 23,655,355 $403,561 $19,239 2. 23,467,354 $430,510 $20,650 3.

15,564,354 $315,885 $23,606 4. 14,440,345 $176,630 $14,176 5. 9,900,800 $159,150 $17,497 6.

9,752,000 $176,447 $16,530 7. 7,164,400 $171,436 $23,929 8. 6,145,800 $95,686 $17,635 9. 4,687,700 $80,656 $17,206 10.

4,344,200 $122,896 $28,290 Ethnic groups [ ]. The Mexican mestizo population is the most diverse in Latin America, with people being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture. The inhabitants of Latin America are of a variety of ancestries, ethnic groups, and races, making the region one of the most diverse in the world. The specific composition varies from country to country: many have a predominance of European-Amerindian or more commonly referred to as or depending on the admixture, population; in others, are a majority; some are dominated by inhabitants of ancestry; and some countries' populations are primarily. And Afro-Amerindian (historically sometimes called ) minorities are also identified regularly. People with European ancestry are the largest single group, and along with people of part-European ancestry, they combine to make up approximately 80% of the population, or even more. Language [ ].

The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians (90%), mostly belonging to the. About 70% of the Latin American population consider themselves Catholic.

According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant. Protestants are 26% in Brazil and over 40% in much of Central America. More than half of these are converts from Roman Catholicism. Migration [ ] Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades, the focus is now the change from net immigration to net. About 10 million Mexicans live in the United States. 31.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2010, or roughly 10% of the population.

According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad. The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million people.

An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorans reside in the United States. At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad, mainly to the United States and Spain.

Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad, mostly in the United States. Download Hcl Ec2 Drivers. More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad, most of them in the United States. It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, mainly in Argentina, the United States, Canada, Australia and Sweden. An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States.

Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300, of which 1,128,701 were, 685,713 were, 683,520 were, 414,955 were, 215,240 were and 127,061 were. For the period 2000–2005, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela were the only countries with global positive migration rates, in terms of their yearly averages. As a result of the and its social and economic impact, there was a significant migration of Haitians to other Latin American countries. During the presidency of and his successor, over 1.5 million people fled in what was called the ' as. Education [ ]. World map indicating literacy rate by country in 2015 (2015 CIA ) Grey = no data Despite significant progress, education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin America. The region has made great progress in educational coverage; almost all children attend primary school and access to secondary education has increased considerably.

Quality issues such as poor teaching methods, lack of appropriate equipment and overcrowding exist throughout the region. These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system early. Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access to education services in the early 1990s. Compared to prior generations, Latin American youth have seen an increase in their levels of education. On average, they have completed two years schooling more than their parents. However, there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system.

Estimates indicate that 30% of preschool age children (ages 4–5) do not attend school, and for the most vulnerable populations, the poor and rural, this calculation exceeds 40 percent. Among primary school age children (ages 6 to 12), coverage is almost universal; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children in the primary education system.

These children live mostly in remote areas, are indigenous or Afro-descendants and live in extreme poverty. Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years, only 80% are full-time students in the education system; among them only 66% advance to secondary school.

These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups: only 75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school. Tertiary education has the lowest coverage, with only 70% of people between the ages of 18 and 25 years outside of the education system. Currently, more than half of low income children or living in rural areas fail to complete nine years of education. Crime and violence [ ]. Main article: Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world. Studies have shown that Latin America contains the majority of the world's most dangerous cities.

Many analysts attribute the reason to why the region has such an alarming crime rate and criminal culture is largely due to and within the region, they say that growing social inequality is fueling crime in the region. Many agree that the prison crisis will not be resolved until the gap between the rich and the poor is addressed. 2012 map of countries. As of 2015, the Latin American countries with the highest rates were El Salvador (108.64 per 100,000 people), Honduras (63.75) and Venezuela (57.15). The countries with the lowest rates were Chile (3.59), Cuba (4.72) and Argentina (6.53). Crime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in Latin America and the Caribbean region.

Homicide rates in Latin America are the highest in the world. From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, homicide rates increased by 50 percent. The major victims of such homicides are young men, 69 percent of whom are between the ages of 15 and 19 years old. Countries with the highest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were: 109, 64, 57, 43, 34.4, 34, 34, 31, 30, 26.7, 26.5, the 22, 22, 19, 16, 16, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 11, 11, and 10. Most of the top countries with the highest homicide rates are in Africa and Latin America. Countries in Central America like El Salvador and Honduras top the list of homicides in the world. Brazil has more overall homicides than any country in the world, at 50,108, accounting for one in 10 globally.

Crime-related violence in Latin America represents the most threat to public health, striking more victims than or other infectious diseases. Countries with lowest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were: 3, 7, 7, 8 and 9. Main article: in Latin America and the remains a serious issue despite strong economic growth and improved social indicators observed over the past decade. A report release in 2013 by the entitled Inequality Matters. Report of the World Social Situation, observed that: ‘Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour-saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions. Such declines are likely to affect individuals in the middle and bottom of the income distribution disproportionately, since they rely mostly on labour income.’ In addition, the report noted that ‘highly-unequal land distribution has created social and political tensions and is a source of economic inefficiency, as small landholders frequently lack access to credit and other resources to increase productivity, while big owners may not have had enough incentive to do so. Trade blocs [ ].

,,,, and at the signing of the founding charter of the. The major trade blocs (or agreements) in the region are the and. Minor blocs or trade agreements are the, the ( DR-CAFTA), the ( CARICOM) and the ( CAN). However, major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur (pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature).

The president-elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise.,, and are the only four Latin American nations that have an FTA with the United States and Canada, both members of the ( NAFTA). Aerial view of. Mexico is the most visited country in Latin America. Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin American countries.

Is the only Latin American country to be ranked in the top 10 worldwide in the number of tourist visits. It received by far the largest number of international tourists, with 35 million visitors in 2016, followed by, with 6.6 million; the, with 6 million;, with 5.6 million; Argentina, with 5.5 million; with 4 million; with 3.7 million; with 3.7 million; and Colombia, with 3.3 million. The reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2016: Mexico, with US$19,571 million; the Dominican Republic, with US$6,723 million; Brazil, with US$6,024 million;, with US$4,773 million;, with US$4,687 million; and, with US$4,258 million. Places such as and others,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and are popular among international visitors in the region. Women wearing the costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance. The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon clothing.

Latin American culture is a mixture of many cultural expressions worldwide. It is the product of many diverse influences: • cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European Colonization. Ancient and very advanced civilizations developed their own political, social and religious systems. The, the and the are examples of these.

Indigenous legacies in music, dance, foods, arts and crafts, clothing, folk culture and traditions are very strong in Latin America. Linguistic effects on and are also marked, such as in terms like,,,. •, in particular the, was brought mainly by the colonial powers – the, and – between the 16th and 19th centuries. The most enduring European colonial influence is language and. More recently, additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigration from the latter.

The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, which is an American territory. Prior to 1959, Cuba, who fought for its independence along American soldiers in the, was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with the United States. In addition, the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia and built the twenty-mile-long in Panama which held from 1903 (the opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914) to 1999, when the restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone.

South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans, especially Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans, Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians, French, Dutch, Russians, Croatians, Lithuanians and Ashkenazi Jews. With the end of colonialism, was also able to exert a direct influence in Latin America, especially in the realms of, science and medicine. This can be seen in any expression of the region's artistic traditions, including painting, literature and music, and in the realms of science and politics. Due to the impact of Enlightenment ideals after the French revolution, a certain number of Iberian-American countries decriminalized homosexuality after France and French territories in the Americas in 1791. Some of the countries that abolished sodomy laws or banned any reference to state interference in consensual adult sexuality in the 19th century were Dominican Republic (1822), Brazil (1824), Peru (1836), Mexico (1871), Paraguay (1880), Argentina (1887), Honduras (1899), Guatemala and El Salvador.

Today gay marriage is legal in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, and French overseas departments, as well as in some states of Mexico. Civil unions can be held in Ecuador, Chile and one administrative region of Venezuela. •, whose presence derives from a long history of.

Peoples of African descent have influenced the ethno-scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean. This is manifested for instance in music, dance and religion, especially in countries like, Brazil, Uruguay, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Haiti, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, and Cuba. •, whose part of the presence derives from the long history of the mostly arriving during the 19th and 20th centuries, and most commonly Chinese workers in Peru and Venezuela. But also from Japanese and Korean immigration especially headed to Brazil. This has largely effected the cuisine, traditions including literature, art and lifestyles and politics. The effects of Asian influences have especially and mostly effected the nations of Belize, Brazil, Cuba, Panama and Peru. Mural by in the.

From the early twentieth century, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the. [ ] The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then into Latin America. And have been credited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into Latin America from Europe. [ ] An important artistic movement generated in Latin America is represented by,, and in Mexico, and in Colombia and in Argentina. Some of the most impressive Muralista works can be found in,, New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles and.

Painter, one of the most famous Mexican artists, painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining, and. Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings. Colombian and painter is also widely known [ ] by his works which, on first examination, are noted for their exaggerated proportions and the corpulence of the human and animal figures. President with the film director and the cast of (2009) with the. Has also been prominenent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60 full-length titles yearly. The industry suffered during the; but re-emerged to produce the winner in 1985.

A wave of imported U.S. Films again damaged the industry in the early 1990s, though it soon recovered, thriving even during the around 2001. Many Argentine movies produced during recent years have been internationally acclaimed, including (2000), (2001), (2004), (2007), the 2010 Foreign Language winner and (2014)., the movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States, with movies such as (1999), (2002) and (2007). Has produced some notable films, such as, and. An influx of Hollywood films affected the local film industry in Puerto Rico during the 1980s and 1990s, but several Puerto Rican films have been produced since and it has been recovering.

Has enjoyed much official support since the and important film-makers include. Literature [ ]. Argentine in, in 1969.

However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as 's (1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom's defining novel was 's (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with, though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian and do not fit so easily within this framework.

Arguably, the Boom's culmination was 's monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as,, and above all were also rediscovered.

Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling and to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as,,,. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of, texts produced in collaboration with subjects such as. Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic and Pedro Lemebel. The region boasts six: in addition to the two Chilean poets (1945) and (1971), there is also the Guatemalan novelist (1967), the Colombian writer (1982), the Mexican poet and essayist (1990), and the Peruvian novelist (2010). Music and dance [ ]. Dancing in, Latin America has produced many successful worldwide artists in terms of recorded global music sales.

Among the most successful have been (Cuba), (Argentina), (Brazil), (Mexico) of whom have sold over 90 million records, (Mexico), (Colombia) and (Mexico) with over 50 million records sold worldwide., although not a Latin American, has also contributed for the success of Latin music. Other notable successful mainstream acts through the years, include,,,,,, and. Caribbean Hispanic music, such as,,, and more recently, from such countries as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, and Panama, has been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies. Haiti's is a genre of music that is influenced by its Caribbean Hispanic counterparts, along with elements of jazz and modern sounds. Traditional Mexican dance. Another well-known Latin American musical genre includes the and (with as the greatest exponent), as well as the distinct, a fusion of tango, and popularized by virtuoso., North American, and combined to form in Brazil, popularized by with singer and.

Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean and, the Honduras (Garifuna), the Colombian and, the Chilean, the Ecuadorian, and, the Mexican and the which is the epitome of Mexican soul, the Nicaraguan, the Peruvian and, the Uruguayan, the French Antillean (derived from Haitian compas) and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the region. Brazilian actress helped popularize internationally. The classical composer (1887–1959) worked on the recording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil.

The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works. Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban and guitar work of the Venezuelan and the Paraguayan. Latin America has also produced world-class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist, Brazilian pianist and the Argentine pianist and conductor.

Brazilian opera soprano, one of Brazil's most famous musicians, was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952. A couple dances. Arguably, the main contribution to music entered through folklore, where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed. Musicians such as,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, as well as musical ensembles such as and are magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach., including many forms of, is popular in Latin America today (see ). A few examples are,,,,,,,,,,,,, and Bajo Fondo. More recently,, which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as and, as well as that of, is becoming more popular, in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics, dance steps () and music videos.

It has become very popular among populations with a 'migrant culture' influence – both Latino populations in the United States, such as southern Florida and New York City, and parts of Latin America where migration to the United States is common, such as Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Mexico. World Heritage Sites [ ] The following is a list of the ten countries with the most World Heritage Sites in Latin America. Country Natural Sites Cultural Sites Mixed Sites Total Sites 1.

2 3 0 5 See also [ ].